Abstract

Background: Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a characteristic of several metabolic disorders like dyslipidemias, diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Objectives: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of HTG among adult patients attending Primary Health Care Centers in, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia and to determine its association with diabetes mellitus, obesity, physical activity and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional. The participants were chosen from five primary health care centers in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia by systematic random sampling. The sample size was 353 participants. The data were collected by a structured and pre-tested questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of HTG was 33.7%. There was a significant association between HTG and diabetes mellitus. The study showed a significant inverse association between HDL cholesterol and HTG, 46.8% of the participants had hypertriglyceridemia with low level of HDL. There was a significant association between hypertriglyceridemia and smoking, 22.9% of smokers had high level of Triglycerides. Conclusion: The prevalence of HTG in patients attending Primary Health Care Centers in Majmaah was high (33.7%).

Keywords: Hypertriglyceridemia · smoking · high-density lipoprotein · diabetes mellitus · Majmaah · Saudi Arabia

References

  1. 1.Hegele R. Monogenic Dyslipidemias: Window on Determinants of Plasma Lipoprotein Metabolism. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2001;69(6):1161-1177.
  2. 2.Hodis H, Mack W, Krauss R, Alaupovic P. Pathophysiology of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in atherothrombosis: Clinical aspects. Clinical Cardiology. 1999;22(S2):II-15-II-20.
  3. 3.Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA: 14 The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001;285(19):2486-2497.
  4. 4.Kota S, Kota S, Krishna S, Modi K, Jammula S. Hypertriglyceridemia-induced recurrent acute pancreatitis: A case-based review. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012;16(1):141.
  5. 5.Matsumoto S, Gotoh N, Hishinuma S, Abe Y, ShimizuY, KatanoYet al. The Role of Hypertriglyceridemia in the Development of Atherosclerosis and Endothelial Dysfunction. Nutrients. 2014;6(12):1236-1250.
  6. 6.Hokanson J, Austin M. Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk. 1996;3(2):213-219.
  7. 7.Miller M, Stone N, Ballantyne C, Bittner V, Criqui M, Ginsberg H et al. Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123(20):2292-2333.
  8. 8.Kwan B, Kronenberg F, Beddhu S, Cheung A. Lipoprotein Metabolism and Lipid Management in Chronic Kidney Disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2007;18(4):1246-1261. Prevalence of Hypertriglyceridemia in patients attending Primary Heath Care Centers in, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences ,Vol. 6, Issue 1, March 2018, Rajab - 1439
  9. 9.Tsimihodimos V. Dyslipidemia Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease. The Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal. 2011;5(1):41-48.
  10. 10.Ford E, Li C, Zhao G, Pearson W, Mokdad A. Hypertriglyceridemia and Its Pharmacologic Treatment Among US Adults. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2009;169(6):572.
  11. 11.Wotek C, Hithchcock D, Brriefel R, Wind D. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey—NHANES Plans for NHANES III. Nutrition Today 1988;23(1):28.
  12. 12.Ford E, Giles W, Dietz W. Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Among US Adults. JAMA. 2002;287(3):356.
  13. 13.Al-Nuaim A, Famuyiwa O, Greer W. Hyperlipidemia among Saudi Diabetic Patients — Pattern and Clinical Characteristics. Annals of Saudi Medicine. 1995;15(3):240-243.
  14. 14.Risk factors of coronary artery disease in different regions of Saudi Arabia [Internet]. Apps.who.int. 2018 [cited 1 March 2018]. Available from: http:// apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/118892
  15. 15.Al-Nozha M, Ismail H, Al Nozha O. Coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus. 2018.
  16. 16.Annals of Saudi Medicine - Hyperlipidemia among Saudi Diabetic Patients — Pattern and Clinical Characteristics [Internet]. Annsaudimed.net. 2018 [cited 1 March 2018]. From:http:// www.annsaudimed.net/idex.php/vol15/ vol15iss3/2586.html?view=abstract
  17. 17.Rahman Al-Nuaim A. Effect of overweight and obesity on glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia in Saudi Arabia, epidemiological study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 1997;36(3):181-191.
  18. 18.Ashmaig M, Ashmeik K, Ahmed A, Sobki S, Abdulla M. Association of lipids with coronary heart disease in a saudi population. Jornal Vascular Brasileiro. 2011;10(2):131-136.
  19. 19.Al-Nozha MM, Arafah MR, Al-Maatouq MA, Khalil MZ, Khan NB, et al. Hyperlipidemia in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2008; 29:282–7.
  20. 20.Go A, Mozaffarian D, Roger V, Benjamin E, Berry J, Borden W et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. 2018.
  21. 21.Lin CC, Liu CS, Lai MM, Li CI, Chen CC et al. Metabolic syndrome in a Taiwanese metropolitan adult population. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:239 Prevalence of Hypertriglyceridemia in patients attending Primary Heath Care Centers in, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia 15 Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences ,Vol. 6, Issue 1, March 2018, Rajab - 1439
  22. 22.Rampal S, Mahadeva S, Guallar E, Bulgiba A, Mohamed R, Rahmat R et al. Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome: Results from a Multi-Ethnic Population-Based Survey in Malaysia. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(9):e46365.
  23. 23.Mula-Abed WA, Chilmeran SK. Prevalence of dyslipidemia in the Iraqi adult population. Saudi Med J.2007; 28:1868–74.
  24. 24.Sibai A, Obeid O, Batal M, Adra N, Khoury D, Hwalla N. Prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome in an adult Lebanese population. CVD Prevention and Control. 2008;3(2):83-90.
  25. 25.Erem C, Hacihasanoglu A, Deger O, Kocak M, Topbas M. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated risk factors among Turkish adults: Trabzon lipid study. Endocrine. 2008;34(1-3):36-51.
  26. 26.Al-Lawati JA, Mohammed AJ, AlHinai HQ, Jousilahti P. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Omani adults. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26:1781–84
  27. 27.Dancy, Cherell, Vitool Lohsoonthorn, and Michelle A. Williams. “Risk of dyslipidemia in relation to level of physical activity among Thai professional and office workers.” Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 39.5 (2008): 932. 16
  28. 28.Firmann M, Mayor V, Vidal PM, Bochud M, Pécoud A, et al. The CoLaus study: A population-based study to investigate the epidemiology and genetic determinants of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2008; 8:6
  29. 29.Bahreynian M, Esmaillzadeh A. Quantity and quality of carbohydrate intake in Iran: A target for nutritional intervention. Arch Iran Med. 2012; 15:648–9
  30. 30.Lee MH, Kim HC, Ahn SV, Hur NW, Choi DP et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemia among Korean adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey 19982005. Diabetes Metab J. 2012; 36:43–55
  31. 31.Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Kazemi-Bajestani SM, Ferns G. Lipid clinics are urgently required in the Iranian public health system. Int J Prev Med. 2010; 1:172–5.
  32. 32.Tabatabaei-Malazy, Ozra, et al. “Prevalence of dyslipidemia in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis study.” International journal of preventive medicine 5.4 (2014): 373. Prevalence of Hypertriglyceridemia in patients attending Primary Heath Care Centers in, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences · eISSN 1658-8223 · Majmaah University · open access