Abstract

Background and Aim: Osteoporosis causes adverse effects on the quality of life of individuals. We need to evaluate its risk factors in women between 40 and 50 years. Because they are either at early menopause or not reaching menopause, so the hormonal effect is minimal. Our aim was to investigate the effect of nulliparity, body mass index (BMI) and location of residency on bone mineral density (BMD) in woman aged between 40 and 50 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between February and April 2018. The study included 271 women aged between 40 and 50 years, with abnormal Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. The data was collected through a questionnaire, site of abnormality and its severity (osteoporosis or osteopenia) as well as nulliparity, BMI and location of residency. Data were collected from patients' files and by contacting them through their mobile phones. consent taken verbally. Results: 46.1% of the subjects were overweight and 53.1% were obese, there was an inverse relationship between BMD and BMI (p < 0.05). Eighty-nine percent of women were living in urban areas, but there was no relationship between DEXA diagnosis and residency (p > 0.05). Nulliparity women were78.3%, There was no relationship between BMD in spine or left femur and nulliparity (p > 0.05), but there was a relationship with the right femur (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In women, BMI has an inverse relationship with BMD. Nulliparity has an inverse relationship with the right, but not with the left femur. There is no relation between the location of residency and BMD.

Keywords: Body mass index · bone mineral density · DEXA · osteoporosis · risk factors

References

  1. 1.Mishra A, Gajjar K, Patel K. Association between Body Mass Index and Bone Mineral Density among healthy women in India. International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences, 2016,5, 4:156-60.
  2. 2.Kanis J, Kanis J. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: Synopsis of a WHO report. Osteoporosis International. 1994;4(6):368-81.
  3. 3.Chen Z, Salam MT, Karim R, et al. Living near a Freeway is Associated with Lower Bone Mineral Density among Mexican Americans. Osteoporosis international: a journalestablishedasresultofcooperation between the European Foundation for Os- Effect of nulliparity, Body Mass Index and residency on bone mineral density in women between 40 and 50 years inAl-Medina, KSA 53 53 Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences ,Vol. 7, Issue 2, May 2019, Ramadan - 1440 teoporosis and the National Osteoporosis FoundationoftheUSA.2015;26(6):1713-
  4. 4.doi:10.1007/s00198-015-3051-z. doi:10.1007/s00198-015-3051-z
  5. 5.Bayray A, Enquselassie F. The Effect of Parity on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women:A Systematic Review. Journal of Osteoporosis and PhysicalActivity. 2013;01(02).
  6. 6.Fawzy T, Muttappallymyalil J, Sreedharan J, et al. Association between Body Mass Index and Bone Mineral Density in Patients Referred for Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Scan in Ajman, UAE. Journal of Osteoporosis. 2011; 2011:876309. doi:10.4061/2011/876309. doi:10.4061/2011/876309
  7. 7.Pisani P, Renna MD, Conversano F, et al. Screening and early diagnosis of osteoporosis through X-ray and ultrasound-based techniques. World J Radiol. 2013; 5:398–
  8. 8.World Health Organization (WHO). “WHO scientific group on the assessment of osteoporosis at primary health care level”. Summary Meeting Report. WHO, Geneva (Switzerland) (2007). Brussels, Belgium, 5–7 May 2004. Available at: http://www.who.int/chp/topics/Osteoporosis.pdf
  9. 9.Gerber LM, Bener A, Al-Ali HM, Hammoudeh M, Liu LQ, Verjee M. BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN MIDLIFE WOMEN: THE STUDY OF WOMEN’S HEALTH IN QATAR. Climacteric: the journal of the International Menopause Society. 2015;18(2):316-22. doi:10.3109 /13697137.2014.944495.
  10. 10.Karlsson M, Ahlborg H, Karlsson C. Maternity and bone mineral density.Acta Orthopaedica. 2005;76(1):2-13.
  11. 11.ItoM,LangTF,JergasM,OhkiM,Takada M, Nakamura T, Hayashi K, Genant HK. Spinal trabecular bone loss and fracture in American and Japanese women. Calcif Tissue International. 1997; 61(2): 123–8
  12. 12.Maria S, Swanson MH, Enderby LT, et al. Melatonin‐micronutrients osteopenia treatment study (MOTS): a translational study assessing melatonin, strontium (citrate), vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 (MK7) on bone density, bone marker turnover and health related quality of life in postmenopausal osteopenic women following a one‐year double‐blind RCT and on osteoblast‐osteoclast co‐cultures. Aging (Albany NY). 2017;9(1):256‐285.
  13. 13.AlQuaiz AM, Kazi A, Tayel S, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with low bone mineral density in Saudi women: a community-based survey. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2014; 15:5. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-5. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-5
  14. 14.Gupta U, Sharma S, Gupta N. Changes in Bone Mineral Density in Indian Wmen:A Cross-Sectional Study. Sch. J. App. Med. Sci., 2014; 2(3A):917-21
  15. 15.Zeidan ZA, Sultan IE, Guraya SS,Al-ZalabaniAH,KhoshhalKI.Lowbonemineral density among young healthy adult Saudi women: Prevalence and associated factors in the age group of 20 to 36 years. Saudi Medical Journal. 2016;37(11):1225-33. doi:10.15537/smj.2016.11.16248 Effect of nulliparity, Body Mass Index and residency on bone mineral density in women between 40 and 50 years inAl-Medina, KSA 54 54 Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences ,Vol. 7, Issue 2, May 2019, Ramadan - 1440 doi:10.15537/smj.2016.11.16248
  16. 16.Khoshhal K, Sheweita S, Al-Maghamsi M, Habeb A. Does type 1 diabetes mellitus affect bone quality in prepubertal children? Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences. 2015;10(3):300-5.
  17. 17.Veiga Silva A, da Rosa M, Fernandes B, Lumertz S, Diniz R, dos Reis Damiani M. Fatores associados à osteopenia e osteoporose em mulheres submetidas à densitometria óssea. Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia. 2015;55(3):223-8.
  18. 18.Moayyeri A, Soltani A, Tabari NK, Sadatsafavi M, Hossein-neghad A, Larijani B. Discordance in diagnosis of osteoporosis using spine and hip bone densitometry. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2005; 5:3. doi:10.1186/1472-6823-5-3. doi:10.1186/1472-6823-5-3
  19. 19.Aaron JE, Johnson DR, Paxton S, Kanis JA. Secondary osteoporosis and the microanatomy of trabecular bone. Clinical rheumatology.1989;8:84–8.
  20. 20.Zhao L-J, Liu Y-J, Liu P-Y, Hamilton J, Recker RR, Deng H-W. Relationship of obesity with osteoporosis. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2007;92(5):1640-6. doi:10.1210/jc.2006- 0572. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-
  21. 21.Sharma S, Tandon VR, Mahajan S, Mahajan V, Mahajan A. Obesity: Friend or foe for osteoporosis. Journal of Mid-Life Health. 2014;5(1):6-9. doi:10.4103/0976- 7800.127782. doi:10.4103/0976-
  22. 22.Choe HS, Lee JH, Min DK, Shin SH. Comparison of vertebral and femoral bone mineral density in adult females. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2016;28(6):1928-31. doi:10.1589/ jpts.28.1928.
  23. 23.van der Voort D, Brandon S, Dinant G, van Wersch J. Screening for Osteoporosis Using Easily Obtainable Biometrical Data: Diagnostic Accuracy of Measured, Self-Reported and Recalled BMI, and Related Costs of Bone Mineral Density Measurements. Osteoporosis International. 2000;11(3):233-9.
  24. 24.Hsu Y, Venners S, Terwedow H, Feng Y, Niu T, Li Z et al. Relation of body composition, fat mass, and serum lipids to osteoporotic fractures and bone mineral density in Chinese men and women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006;83(1):146-54.
  25. 25.MatsuzakiM,PantR,KulkarniB,KinraS. Comparison of Bone Mineral Density between Urban and RuralAreas: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nguyen TV, ed. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7): e0132239. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132239. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132239
  26. 26.Meyer HE, Berntsen GK, Søgaard AJ, Langhammer A, Schei B, Fønnebø V et al. Higher Bone Mineral Density in Rural Compared with Urban Dwellers: The NOREPOS Study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2004;160(11):1039-46.
  27. 27.Pongchaiyakul C, Nguyen TV, Kosulwat V, Rojroongwasinkul N, Charoenkiatkul S, Rajatanavin R. Effect of urbanization on bone mineral density: A Thai epidemiological study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2005; 6:5. doi:10.1186/1471- 2474-6-5. Effect of nulliparity, Body Mass Index and residency on bone mineral density in women between 40 and 50 years inAl-Medina, KSA 55 55 Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences ,Vol. 7, Issue 2, May 2019, Ramadan - 1440 doi:10.1186/1471-
  28. 28.Terzi H, Terzi R, Kale E, Kale A. Effect of multiparity on bone mineral density, evaluated with bone turnover markers. Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia. 2017;57(5):371-7.
  29. 29.Lenora J, Lekamwasam S, Karlsson MK. Effects of multiparity and prolonged breast-feeding on maternal bone mineral density: a community-based crosssectional study. BMC Women’s Health. 2009; 9:19. doi:10.1186/1472-6874-9-19. doi:10.1186/1472-6874-9-19
  30. 30.Cure-Cure C, Cure-Ramı ́rez P, Terán E, López-Jaramillo P. Bone-mass peak in multiparity and reduced risk of bonefractures in menopause. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2001;76(3):285-91.
  31. 31.Ozdemir F, Demirbag D, Rodoplu M. Reproductive Factors Affecting the Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2005;205(3):277-85.
  32. 32.Gur A, Nas K, Cevik R, Sarac AJ, Ataoglu S, Karakoc M: Influence of number of pregnancies on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women of different age groups. J Bone Miner Metab. 2003, 21 (4): 234-41. Effect of nulliparity, Body Mass Index and residency on bone mineral density in women between 40 and 50 years inAl-Medina, KSA

Peer review

Peer reviewed by 3 reviewers, who chose to remain anonymous.

Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences · eISSN 1658-8223 · Majmaah University · open access