Abstract

Background and Aims: Assessing the performance of Breast Cancer screening programmes is essential to detect and remedy weaknesses and to improve the quality of the screening services. This study aimed to assess the coverage rate, participation rate, and recall rate of the Breast Cancer Screening in Riyadh Region. Methods: This was a retrospective study in 11 Riyadh peripheral provinces. We used secondary data of women referred for screening and women who underwent mammography screening. Outcomes of the study included: Coverage rate by invitation; Coverage rate by examination; Participation rate; Recall rate. Results: The invitation coverage rate was 5.2%, and it was highest among women in the age group 50-59 years (32.7%). The examination coverage rate was 1.1%, with women in the age group 50-59 years constituting the highest proportion (7%). The participation rate was 21.4% and was highest among women in the age group 50 to 69 years (22.4%). The recall rate was 10.1% and was highest among women in the age group < 40 years (18.6%). Conclusion: In this study to assess the performance of the breast cancer screening programme, we detected low coverage and participation rates, most probably due to the opportunistic approach followed in inviting the target population, in addition to the geographical accessibility problem of the mammography testing sites. The recall rate aligned with the level set by the Saudi National Breast Cancer Screening Programme.

Keywords: Breast cancer screening · coverage rate · participation rate · recall rate · Saudi Arabia

References

  1. 1.International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2020, December 31). Breast CancerFactSheet.WorldHealthOrganization. https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/ cancers/20-Breast-fact-sheet.pdf
  2. 2.Abulkair O, Tahan F, Musaad S, Al Sheikh S, Al Shahed M, Al Asiri M, et al. A 5 years’ experience of the first public breast cancer screening center in the capital of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Pan Arab Journal of Oncology. 2016;9(1): 40 - 46.
  3. 3.Abulkhair O, Al Tahan F, Young S, Musaad S, Jazieha A. The first national public breast cancer screening program in SaudiArabiaAnn Saudi Med. 2010; 30(5): 350-57.
  4. 4.Alrawaji A, Alshahrani Z Alzahrani W, Alomran F, Almadou A. Saudi Cancer Registry. (2019, June) Cancer Incidence Report Saudi Arabia. National Health Information Center. https://nhic.gov.sa/eServices/Documents/E%20SCR%20final%20 6%20NOV.pdf
  5. 5.El Bcheraoui C, Basulaiman M, Wilson S, Daoud F, Tuffaha M, AlMazroa MA, et al. Breast Cancer Screening in Saudi Arabia: Free but Almost No Takers. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3): e0119051.
  6. 6.Abdel-Aziz S, Amin T, Al-Gadeeb M, Alhassar A, Al-Ramadan A, l-Helal M, et al. Perceived Barriers to Breast Cancer Screening among Saudi Women at Primary Care Setting. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;18(9): 20-29.
  7. 7.Barcelos M, Nunes B P, Silva Duro S M, Tomasi E, Lima R D, Chalupowski M N, et al. Utilization of Breast Cancer Screening in Brazil: An External Assessment of Primary Health Care Access and Quality Improvement Program. Health Systems & Reform. 2017;4(1):42–55. 62 Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences ,Vol. 10, Issue 3, July - 2022, Dhū al-Hijjah - 1443 Breast Cancer Screening Programme in Riyadh Peripheral Provinces: Coverage Rate, Participation Rate, and Recall Rate
  8. 8.Parise C, Burleson J. Seidenwurm D. Assessing the Recall Rate for Screening Mammography: Comparing the Medicare Hospital Compare Dataset with the National Mammography Database. Am J Roentgenol. 2018;211(9): 127-132.
  9. 9.Kim Y, Lee E, Jun J, Shin D-R, Park Y, Kim H-W, et al. Analysis of Participant Factors That Affect the Diagnostic Performance of Screening Mammography: A Report of the Alliance for Breast Cancer Screening in Korea. Korean J Radiol 2017;18(4):624-631
  10. 10.Breast Cancer Screening Programme. Guidelines of Breast Cancer Screening Programme. Riyadh: Saudi Ministry of Health; 2018.
  11. 11.Day N, Williams D, Khaw K. Breast cancer screening programmes: the development of a monitoring and evaluation system.Br.J.Cancer.1989;59(6):954-958.
  12. 12.Giordano L, Karsa L, Tomatis M, Majek O, Wolf C, Lancucki L, et al. Mammographic screening programmes in Europe: organization, coverage and participation. J Med Screen. 2012;19(1):72 –82
  13. 13.Ding L, Jidkova S, Greuter M, Van Herck K, Goossens M, Martens P, et al. Coverage determinants of breast cancer screening in Flanders: an evaluation of the past decade. Int J Equity Health. 2020;19(1)212.
  14. 14.Perry N, Broeders M, de Wolf Cl, Törnberg S, Holland R, von Karsa L. European Commission. European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis. 4th ed, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2006.
  15. 15.Al Mulhim F A, Syed A, Bagatadah W A and Al Muhanna A F. Breast cancer screening programme: experience from Eastern province, SaudiArabia. East Mediterr Health J. 2015;21(2):111-19. 27
  16. 16.Akhtar S S, Nadrah H M, Al-Habdan M A, El Gabbani S A, El Farouk G M K, Abdelgadir M H et al. First organized screening mammography programme in Saudi Arabia: preliminary analysis of pilot round. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16(10): 1025-31. 15
  17. 17.Ponti A, Anttila A, Ronco G, Senore C. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cancer Screening in the European Union Report on the implementation of the Council Recommendation on cancer screening. IARC, Lyon 2017. 16
  18. 18.Kriaucioniene V and Petkeviciene J. Predictors and Trend in Attendance for Breast Cancer Screening in Lithuania, 2006–2014. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019; 16(22):4535. 17 Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences ,Vol. 10, Issue 3, July - 2022, Dhū al-Hijjah - 1443 63 Breast Cancer Screening Programme in Riyadh Peripheral Provinces: Coverage Rate, Participation Rate, and Recall Rate
  19. 19.Akinyemiju T F. Socio-economic and health access determinants of breast and cervical cancer screening in low-income countries: analysis of the World Health Survey.PLoSOne.2012;7(11):e48834.18
  20. 20.Walsh B, Siles M. and O’Neill C. The importance of socio-economic variables in cancer screening participation: A comparison between population-based and opportunistic screening in the EU-15. Health Policy 2011; 101(3): 269-276. 19
  21. 21.Von Karsa L, Anttila A, Ronco G, Ponti A, Malila N, Arbyn M, et al. Cancer Screening in the European Union Report on the implementation of the Council Recommendation on cancer screening. First Report. European Communities, Brussel, 2008.https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/default/ files/ cancer_screening.pdf
  22. 22.Xu An-gao. Opportunistic Screening for Colorectal Cancer, Rectal Cancer - A Multidisciplinary Approach to Management, Dr. Giulio A. Santoro (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-758-1, InTech, 2011. http://www.intechopen.com/books/ rectal-cancer-a-multidisciplinary-approach-to-management/opportunisticscreening-for-colorectal-cancer 21
  23. 23.Miles A, Cockburn J, Smith R A, Wardle J. Perspective from Countries Using Organized Screening Programs. CANCER Supplement. 2004; 101(5): 1201-13. 22
  24. 24.Eichholzer M, Richard A, Rohrmann S, Schmid S M, Leo C, Huang D J et al. Breast cancer screening attendance in two Swiss regions dominated by opportunistic or organized screening. BMC Health Services Research. 2016; 16(519). 23
  25. 25.Sabatino S A, Lawrence B, Elder R, Mercer S, Wilson K, Devinney B, et al. Effectiveness of Interventions to Increase Screening for Breast, Cervical, and Colorectal Cancers Nine Updated Systematic Reviews for the Guide to Community Preventive Services. Am J Prev Med. 2012;43(1):97–118. 24
  26. 26.Baslaim M M, Baroum I H, Salman B A, Baghlaf B S, Al Farsi M A. Breast Cancer Screening Program in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Is There a Need for a National Program? Int J Womens Health Wellness. 2016;2(4). 25
  27. 27.UlyteID A, Wei1 W, Dresse H, Gruebner O, Wyl V, Ba¨hler C, et al. Variation of colorectal, breast and prostate cancer screening activity in Switzerland: Influence of insurance, policy and guidelines. PLoS ONE. 2020; 15(4): e0231409. 26
  28. 28.Rothschild J, Lourenco A P, Mainiero M B. Screening Mammography Recall Rate: Does Practice Site Matter? Radiology 2013;269(2): 348-53. 28 64 Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences ,Vol. 10, Issue 3, July - 2022, Dhū al-Hijjah - 1443 Breast Cancer Screening Programme in Riyadh Peripheral Provinces: Coverage Rate, Participation Rate, and Recall Rate
  29. 29.Lee C S, Parise C, Burleson J, Seidenwurm D. Assessing the Recall Rate for Screening Mammography: Comparing the Medicare Hospital Compare Dataset with the National Mammography Database. 2018;211(1):127-132. 29
  30. 30.DiPrete O, Lourenco A P, Baird G L, Mainiero M B. Screening Digital Mammography Recall Rate: Does It Change with Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Experience? Radiology 2018;286(3): 838-44. 30
  31. 31.Yankaskas B C, Klabunde C N, Ancelle-Park R, Rennert G, Wang H, Fracheboud J. International comparison of performance measures for screening mammography: can it be done? J Med Screen. J Med Screen. 2004;11(4):187-93. 31
  32. 32.Rauscher G H, MurphyAM, Orsi J M, Dupuy D M, Grabler P M, Weldon C B. Beyond the Mammography Quality Standards Act: Measuring the Quality of Breast Cancer Screening Programs. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(1):145-51. 32
  33. 33.Lee E H, Kim K W, Kim Y J, Shin D-R, Park W M, Lim H S. Performance of Analysis of Participant FactorsThatAffect the Diagnostic Performance of Screening Mammography: A Report of the Alliance for Breast Cancer Screening in Korea. Korean J Radiol. 2016; 18(4):624-631. 33
  34. 34.Yankaskas B C, Cleveland R J, Schell M J, Kozar R. Association of Recall Rates with Sensitivity and Positive Predictive Values of Screening Mammography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;177(3):543-9. 34
  35. 35.Beruchashwili T, Gvamichava R and Duffy S W. Screening organization and recall rate in a regional breast screening programme. J Med Screen. 2018;25(1): 55–56. 35

Peer review

Peer reviewed by 3 reviewers, who chose to remain anonymous.

Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences · eISSN 1658-8223 · Majmaah University · open access