Keratoconus: A global review of screening programs with a special focus on Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Keratoconus is a progressive disease of the cornea in which the cornea thins and becomes conically shaped, resulting in marked visual impairment. As early detection is very important for stopping disease progression and advanced diagnostic tools like corneal topography and tomography are key to identifying the condition at an early stage. Both the general population and high-risk groups have implemented screening programs, some of which have incorporated artificial intelligence to assist in diagnostics and treatment outcomes worldwide. Keratoconus is highly prevalent in Saudi Arabia with multifactorial contributors including both genetic and environmental factors. As a result, there have been national programs aimed at early detection, public awareness, and greater access to care. Educating the public is the most crucial step to improving the handling of keratoconus, as more informed patients will seek medical advice earlier and similar complaint patients will seek for earlier treatment, special follow-up, and preventive management. In the past few years, multiple awareness initiatives were implemented nationwide, capitalizing on high internet usage, especially by the younger generations that have been proven to have a higher susceptibility to developing the ailment. Progress has not been universal, many people still lack access to specialized care in rural communities, and cultural barriers can prevent early diagnosis and treatment. Providing a feasible solution to these risks requires holistic, multi-pronged approaches, inducting reinforcement of international collaborations, implementation of innovative diagnostic platforms and targeted public health interventions. These measures can greatly reduce the global and regional burden of keratoconus and promote visual health.

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